1. + References
2. Chapter 16 The Cytoskeleton
2.1. + The Self-Assembly and Dynamic Structure of Cytoskeletal Filaments
2.2. + How Cells Regulate Their Cytoskeletal Filaments
2.3. + Molecular Motors
2.4. + The Cytoskeleton and Cell Behavior
2.5. + References
3. + The Molecular Basis of Cancer-Cell Behavior
4. Part V Cells in Their Social Context
4.1. Chapter 19 Cell Junctions, Cell Adhesion, and the Extracellular Matrix
4.1.1. + Cell Junctions
4.1.2. + Cell-Cell Adhesion
4.1.3. + The Extracellular Matrix of Animals
4.1.4. + Integrins
4.1.5. + The Plant Cell Wall
4.1.6. + References
4.2. Chapter 20 Germ Cells and Fertilization
4.2.1. + The Benefits of Sex
4.2.2. + Meiosis
4.2.3. + Primordial Germ Cells and Sex Determination in Mammals
4.2.4. + Eggs
4.2.5. + Sperm
4.2.6. + Fertilization
4.2.7. + References
4.3. Chapter 21 Development of Multicellular Organisms
4.3.1. + Universal Mechanisms of Animal Development
4.3.2. + Caenorhabditis Elegans: Development from the Perspective of the Individual Cell
4.3.3. + Drosophila and the Molecular Genetics of Pattern Formation: Genesis of the Body Plan
4.3.4. + Homeotic Selector Genes and the Patterning of the Anteroposterior Axis
4.3.5. + Organogenesis and the Patterning of Appendages
4.3.6. + Cell Movements and the Shaping of the Vertebrate Body
4.3.7. + The Mouse
4.3.8. + Neural Development
4.3.9. + Plant Development
4.3.10. + References
4.4. Chapter 22 Histology: The Lives and Deaths of Cells in Tissues
4.4.1. + Epidermis and Its Renewal by Stem Cells
4.4.2. + Sensory Epithelia
4.4.3. + The Airways and the Gut
4.4.4. + Blood Vessels and Endothelial Cells
4.4.5. + Renewal by Multipotent Stem Cells: Blood Cell Formation
4.4.6. + Genesis, Modulation, and Regeneration of Skeletal Muscle
4.4.7. + Fibroblasts and Their Transformations: The Connective-Tissue Cell Family
4.4.8. + Stem-Cell Engineering
4.4.9. + References
4.5. Chapter 23 Cancer
4.5.1. + Cancer as a Microevolutionary Process
4.5.2. + The Preventable Causes of Cancer
4.5.3. + Finding the Cancer-Critical Genes
4.5.4. + Cancer Treatment: Present and Future
4.5.5. + References
4.6. Chapter 24 The Adaptive Immune System
4.6.1. + Lymphocytes and the Cellular Basis of Adaptive Immunity
4.6.2. + B Cells and Antibodies
4.6.3. + The Generation of Antibody Diversity
4.6.4. + T Cells and MHC Proteins
4.6.5. + Helper T Cells and Lymphocyte Activation
4.6.6. + References
4.7. Chapter 25 Pathogens, Infection, and Innate Immunity
4.7.1. + Introduction to Pathogens
4.7.2. + Cell Biology of Infection
4.7.3. + Innate Immunity
4.7.4. + References
5. Part IV Internal Organization of the Cell
5.1. Chapter 10 Membrane Structure
5.1.1. + The Lipid Bilayer
5.1.2. + Membrane Proteins
5.1.3. + References
5.2. Chapter 11 Membrane Transport of Small Molecules and the Electrical Properties of Membranes
5.2.1. + Principles of Membrane Transport
5.2.1.1. # Protein-free Lipid Bilayers Are Highly Impermeable to Ions
5.2.1.2. # There Are Two Main Classes of Membrane Transport Proteins: Carriers and Channels
5.2.1.3. # Active Transport Is Mediated by Carrier Proteins Coupled to an Energy Source
5.2.1.4. # Ionophores Can Be Used as Tools to Increase the Permeability of Membranes to Specific Ions
5.2.2. + Carrier Proteins and Active Membrane Transport
5.2.3. + Ion Channels and the Electrical Properties of Membranes
5.2.4. + References
5.3. Chapter 12 Intracellular Compartments and Protein Sorting
5.3.1. + The Compartmentalization of Cells
5.3.2. + The Transport of Molecules between the Nucleus and the Cytosol
5.3.3. + The Transport of Proteins into Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
5.3.4. + Peroxisomes
5.3.5. + The Endoplasmic Reticulum
5.3.6. + References
5.4. Chapter 13 Intracellular Vesicular Traffic
5.4.1. + The Molecular Mechanisms of Membrane Transport and the Maintenance of Compartmental Diversity
5.4.1.1. # There Are Various Types of Coated Vesicles
5.4.1.1.1. picture
5.4.1.2. # The Assembly of a Clathrin Coat Drives Vesicle Formation
5.4.1.2.1. <html><img src="images/18q6ajsj91v3uu47ets4oqeu6j.jpg">
5.4.1.3. # Both The Pinching-off and Uncoating of Coated Vesicles Are Regulated Processes
5.4.1.4. # Not All Transport Vesicles are Spherical
5.4.1.5. # Monomeric GTPases Control Coat Assembly
5.4.1.6. # SNARE Proteins and Targeting GTPases Guide Membrane Transport
5.4.1.7. # Interacting SNAREs Need To Be Pried Apart Before They Can Function Again
5.4.1.8. # Rab Proteins Help Ensure the Specificity of Vesicle Docking
5.4.1.9. # SNAREs May Mediate Membrane Fusion
5.4.1.10. # Viral Fusion Proteins and SNAREs May Use Similar Strategies
5.4.2. + Transport from the ER through the Golgi Apparatus
5.4.3. + Transport from the Trans Golgi Network to Lysosomes
5.4.4. + Transport into the Cell from the Plasma Membrane: Endocytosis
5.4.5. + Transport from the Trans Golgi Network to the Cell Exterior: Exocytosis
5.4.6. + References
5.5. Chapter 14 Energy Conversion: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
5.5.1. + The Mitochondrion
5.5.2. + Electron-Transport Chains and Their Proton Pumps
5.5.3. + Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis
5.5.4. + The Genetic Systems of Mitochondria and Plastids
5.5.5. + The Evolution of Electron-Transport Chains
5.5.6. + References
5.6. Chapter 15 Cell Communication
5.6.1. + General Principles of Cell Communication
5.6.2. + Signaling through G-Protein-Linked Cell-Surface Receptors
5.6.3. + Signaling through Enzyme-Linked Cell-Surface Receptors
5.6.4. + Signaling Pathways That Depend on Regulated Proteolysis
5.6.5. + Signaling in Plants
5.7. Chapter 17 The Cell Cycle and Programmed Cell Death
5.7.1. + An Overview of the Cell Cycle
5.7.2. + Components of the Cell-Cycle Control System
5.7.3. + Intracellular Control of Cell-Cycle Events
5.7.4. + Programmed Cell Death (Apoptosis)
5.7.5. + Extracellular Control of Cell Division, Cell Growth, and Apoptosis
5.7.6. + References
5.8. Chapter 18 The Mechanics of Cell Division
5.8.1. + An Overview of M Phase
5.8.2. + Mitosis
5.8.3. + Cytokinesis
5.8.4. + References
6. + The Initiation and Completion of DNA Replication in Chromosomes
7. + DNA Replication Mechanisms
8. Part I Introduction to the Cell
8.1. Chapter 1 Cells and Genomes
8.1.1. + The Universal Features of Cells on Earth
8.1.2. + The Diversity of Genomes and the Tree of Life
8.1.3. + Genetic Information in Eucaryotes
8.1.4. + References
8.2. Chapter 2 Cell Chemistry and Biosynthesis
8.2.1. + The Chemical Components of a Cell
8.2.2. + Catalysis and the Use of Energy by Cells
8.2.3. + How Cells Obtain Energy from Food
8.2.4. + References
8.3. Chapter 3 Proteins
8.3.1. + The Shape and Structure of Proteins
8.3.2. + Protein Function
8.3.3. + References
9. Part II Basic Genetic Mechanisms
9.1. Chapter 4 DNA and Chromosomes
9.1.1. + The Structure and Function of DNA
9.1.2. + Chromosomal DNA and Its Packaging in the Chromatin Fiber
9.1.3. + The Global Structure of Chromosomes
9.1.4. + References
9.2. Chapter 5 DNA Replication, Repair, and Recombination
9.2.1. + The Maintenance of DNA Sequences
9.2.2. + DNA Repair
9.2.3. + General Recombination
9.2.4. + Site-Specific Recombination
9.2.5. + References
9.3. Chapter 6 How Cells Read the Genome: From DNA to Protein
9.3.1. + From DNA to RNA
9.3.2. + From RNA to Protein
9.3.3. + The RNA World and the Origins of Life
9.3.4. + References
9.4. Chapter 7 Control of Gene Expression
9.4.1. + An Overview of Gene Control
9.4.2. + DNA-Binding Motifs in Gene Regulatory Proteins
9.4.3. + How Genetic Switches Work
9.4.4. + The Molecular Genetic Mechanisms That Create Specialized Cell Types
9.4.5. + Posttranscriptional Controls
9.4.6. + How Genomes Evolve
9.4.7. + References
10. Part III Methods
10.1. Chapter 8 Manipulating Proteins, DNA, and RNA
10.1.1. + Isolating Cells and Growing Them in Culture
10.1.2. + Fractionation of Cells
10.1.3. + Isolating, Cloning, and Sequencing DNA
10.1.4. + Analyzing Protein Structure and Function
10.1.5. + Studying Gene Expression and Function
10.1.6. + References
10.2. Chapter 9 Visualizing Cells
10.2.1. + Looking at the Structure of Cells in the Microscope
10.2.2. + Visualizing Molecules in Living Cells
10.2.3. + References