1. Speech acts
1.1. can be
1.1.1. Direct
1.1.1.1. Question used to ask for information.
1.1.1.1.1. Interrogative structures "Did you...?", "Are they...?", or "Can we...?"
1.1.2. Indirect
1.1.2.1. Question used as a request.
1.1.2.1.1. "Could you...?", "Is it possible that you...?", or "May I...?".
2. Politeness
2.1. To show awareness and consideration towards someone else's face.
2.1.1. "Face" referring in pragmatics to
2.1.1.1. The public self-image a person has.
2.1.2. can be
2.1.2.1. Face-threatening act
2.1.2.1.1. Usually portrayed by commands with no polite request.
2.1.2.2. Face-saving act
2.1.2.2.1. Portrayed by a polite request.
3. Negative and Positive face
3.1. Negative
3.1.1. People have the need to be free and independent from imposition from others
3.2. Positive
3.2.1. People need to be connected. to belong, and be a part of a group.
4. 4 dimentions
4.1. Speaker meaning
4.1.1. What the listener can interpret of what the speaker is saying. Implicit messages.
4.2. Contextual Meaning
4.2.1. The way context can influence on what it is said and how influences, also, the way it is understood/interpreted.
4.3. More to be conveyed that what is actually said
4.3.1. To know the "invisible" meaning of the speaker. A lot of things can be said, even although it is not literally produced too much.
4.4. Expression of relative distance
4.4.1. Sometimes distance is more psychological, and even although they are next to someone, people can still feel distant emotionally.
4.4.1.1. can be
4.4.1.1.1. Physical (seen in the reality)
4.4.1.1.2. Social (our relationship with others)
5. It is the study of the "invisible" meaning. Studies the reason of why we choose to use specific aspects of language while speaking or writing.
5.1. Has two contexts
5.1.1. Linguistic
5.1.1.1. Other words used in the same sentence.
5.1.2. Physical
5.1.2.1. The mental representation people have over the real world.
6. can be divided in
6.1. Deixis
6.1.1. Words used to identify things, and it is only understandable in terms of the speakers intended meaning.
6.1.1.1. can be
6.1.1.1.1. Personal
6.1.1.1.2. Spatial/Place
6.1.1.1.3. Temporal
6.1.1.1.4. Discourse
6.2. Reference
6.2.1. The way a speaker uses language in order to let the listener identify the something or someone the speaker is talking about.
6.2.1.1. we use
6.2.1.1.1. Proper nouns, pronouns, nouns, and indefinitives.
6.2.2. Referring expressions
6.2.2.1. Depend on what the speaker assumes the listener knows about the topic/situation.
6.3. Inference
6.3.1. It is the moment in which the listener tries to guess what the speaker is talking about, based on the he/she knows about the content of the conversation.
6.4. Anaphora
6.4.1. Set of words used to refer to something that was previously mentioned or introduced in the discourse. This in order not to repeat it and be redundant, and also because the person that receives the message already knows what they are talking about.
6.5. Presupposition
6.5.1. Refers to what the speaker assumes is true or known by the listener. When people use a referring expression automatically it is assumed the listener knows what they are talking about.