1. human disease
1.1. believed to be caused by demons/evil spirits entering the body
2. instinct to survive and relieve pain
2.1. use of spiritual incantations
2.2. application of noisome materials
2.3. administration of specific herbs or plant materials
3. tribal apothecary
3.1. wise man/woman of the tribe
3.2. prepares the remedy using medicinal materials
3.3. led to the art of apothecary
4. priest-physician
4.1. the art of apothecary combined with priestly functions
4.2. became known as the healer of the body and soul
5. practice of drug therapy
5.1. certain therapies became more effective than others over time
6. pharmakon
6.1. drugs can be used for good and evil
6.2. knowledge of drugs and application to disease meant power
7. successes and failures
7.1. successful treatments of tribal apothecaries are mainly due to psychologic rather than therapeutic effects
7.1.1. gave rise to placebo therapy
7.2. failed treatments of tribal apothecaries were rarely questioned and are due to: - ineffective medicines - under- or overdosage - toxicity
8. Ebers papyrus
8.1. a surviving artifact proving the existence of early drugs
8.2. a 60-foot-long scroll dating to the 16th century BC, named after Georg Ebers, a German egyptologist
8.3. contains more than 800 drug formulas and mentions more than 700 drugs which are mainly botanical
9. emergence of scientific viewpoints
9.1. Hippocrates
9.1.1. a Greek physician
9.1.2. Father of Medicine
9.2. Dioscorides
9.2.1. a Greek physician and botanist
9.2.2. De Materia Medica
9.3. Claudius Galen
9.3.1. a Greek pharmacist-physician
9.3.2. Galenic pharmacy
9.4. Paracelsus
9.4.1. a Swiss physician and chemist
9.4.2. Pharmacy based on chemical science
10. advent of research
10.1. Karl Wilhelm Scheele
10.1.1. Swede pharmacist
10.1.2. discovered various chemicals as well as oxygen
10.2. Friedrich Serturner
10.2.1. German pharmacist
10.2.2. isolated morphine from opium
10.3. Joseph Caventou & Joseph Pelletier
10.3.1. French pharmacists
10.3.2. isolated quinine and cinchonine from cinchona; strychnine and brucine from nux vomica
10.4. Pierre Robiquet
10.4.1. French pharmacist
10.4.2. separated codeine from opium
10.5. Joseph Pelletier & Pierre Robiquet
10.5.1. isolated caffeine
11. Philadelphia College of Pharmacy
11.1. the first school of pharmacy established in 1821
12. creation of drug standards
12.1. United States Pharmacopeia (USP)
12.1.1. created in 1820 to aid in establishing uniform standards to ensure the quality of drugs
12.2. National Formulary
12.2.1. another official compendium aside from the USP before both were unified as a single national compendium in 1975
12.3. Other pharmacopeias
12.3.1. International Pharmacopeia (IP) by WHO
12.3.2. Homeopathic Pharmacopeia of the United States (HPUS)
12.3.3. European Pharmacopeia (EP)