Case Study 3: Humanitarian Intervention in South Sudan
by Reagan Egler
1. Single State Actions: SIngle states have not been successful in helping keep the balance and peace
2. Non Un (multilateral actions): extremely ineffective in peacekeeping (against peacekeeping)
3. UN (multilateral actions): Peacekeepers were not effective in stopping the crisis conflicts ensuing the Sudan militaristic encounters.
4. "The peacekeepers failed to intercede with force in the 10 deadliest attacks between 2010 and 2013"- The NY Times
4.1. One of these attacks left 600 dead
5. The peacekeeping was not at all used to save civilian lives, only if peacekeepers were directly attacked or fired upon would peacekeepers normally intervene
6. Not long after the report was released, news came of a rebel attack on a remote village in eastern Congo, in which 30 civilians were killed
6.1. Human Rights Watch reported that United Nations troops, stationed about five miles away, were “aware of the attack but did not intervene,” arriving two days later."- NY times.
7. “Every time civilians are deserted by the United Nations, rather than protected, not only do the civilians tend to suffer, but of course the United Nations’ credibility takes a body blow,” he said. “These body blows, rather disturbingly, seem to be accumulating.”- Prince Zeid Ra’ad Zeid al-Hussein
8. The UN's peacekeeping response could not even defend civilians from the conflicts due to possible SOFA violations
9. Soldiers went on strike even, not commanding to peacekeeping administration
10. payment has not been increased in 10 years
11. UN peacekeeping efforts still exceeding 8 billion
12. the Sudan national agency used to coordinate with NGO's and IGO's restricted entrance of multiple NGO organizations into the country
12.1. This even applied to some UN peacekeeping groups.
12.2. The HAC IGO even had their traveling permits denied on person
13. If they wished to enter, the HAC required full transcripts of the monetary funding and use the IGO/NGO were using
14. HAC was actually used by the Sudan government to stop humanitarian and peacekeeping efforts.
15. HAC even charged fees for authentication of identification, despite letters from other members of HAC denying fees were necessary
15.1. The very pwn HAC was contradicting itself to stop IGO’s from progressing
16. Rich countries often were seen not helping or sending troops
16.1. but advocating for the use of poor countries to help peacekeeping
16.2. Top monetary donors include United States, Japan, and France, while not nearly providing as many troops.
17. Asian and African single state militaries seem to be some of the only global countries contributing to peacekeeping efforts
17.1. with Bangladesh, Pakistan, and India being the top force donors
18. "Western countries are loath to send troops to countries where they have no immediate interests, and the United Nations has had trouble finding enough recruits."- NY times
19. The SPLA had also been accused of human right crimes, and committed atrocities such as trying to kidnap opposing security guards
20. The SPLA even used tanks artillery, and gunships near civilian populations
21. SPLA soldiers have been convicted of sexual assault, rape, and executions of fleeing citizens.
22. Summary
22.1. the united states has provided substantial support in humanitarian aid
22.2. 5.3 million people are food insecure in south sudan
22.3. there have been 400,000 food related deaths since 2013
23. state involvement
23.1. the united states has provided about $108 million as of September 2020
23.2. there are currently 192 organizations supporting South Sudan
24. UN involvement
24.1. In 2005 the Peace Agreement was created between South Sudan and the USA
24.2. The United States has provided more than 481 million dollars in total to South Sudan
25. Outcome:
26. 2.24 million refugees have been created as a result
27. 400,000 people have died from the civil war
28. 19,315 UN peacekeepers were deployed
29. Sudan's President, Omar Al-Bashir was replaced by a military council
29.1. Sudan's Presidential leadership and conflict left many dead, and human rights violations committed
30. Protests have broken out after the still less heavy North/South Sudan War
31. The protests have left even more dead from executive actions including the use of live ammunition on protesters
32. ctivists and media were silenced from the outside world, and RSF paramilitary death crews were sent to kill civilians
33. Conflicts between the two political ideologies of North/South Sudan have decreased
34. peacekeeping and humanitarian aid is becoming more and more restricted
35. Non-UN organizations
35.1. the attempts made by these organizations were generally unsuccessful
35.2. even after provided with aid Sudan broke out in civil war in 2013
35.3. many are still left with unstable food situations
