![Mind Map: Spreading hate speech on social media](https://www.mindmeister.com/image/xlarge/2676478789/mind-map-spreading-hate-speech-on-social-media.png)
1. Migration and hate speech
1.1. Migration is not a crime. It is a practice as old as human civilization and a human right recognized in many international treaties (Faustini, 2017).
1.2. Immigrants and refugees are the most affected by hate speech (Calderon et al., 2015).
1.3. Twitter, in particular, with over 500 million posts per day, has a strong impact on a large share of the population (Sayce, 2020)
1.4. During the so-called refugee crisis in 2015, almost 7.5 million tweets were collected through hashtags such as #refugee or #refugeecrisis (Siapera et al, 2018)
1.5. widespread negative sentiment towards foreigners increased, as well as the hostility leading to the exclusion of migrants from jobs and welfare benefits (Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2015).
2. Hate speech from the point of view of the law
2.1. All western european countries have hate-speech laws. In 2008, the eu adopted a framework decision on “Combating Racism and Xenophobia” that obliged all member states to criminalize certain forms of hate speech (Mchangama, 2011)..
2.2. The communist countries sought to exploit such laws to limit free speech (Mchangama, 2011)..
2.3. In the United States, hate speech is protected by the First Amendment (Kepkoll, 2023).
3. Hate speech not only reinforces prejudice and stereotypes in society, but it also has a negative impact on the mental and emotional health of target groups, particularly target individuals (Citron and Norton, 2011)
4. Bullying and cyber bullying, of course, arise and spread widely in the online world, which is on the rise due to the usage of social media (Festl & Quandt, 2013).
5. Introduction
5.1. Hate speech "has been prevalent in human interactions in many forms over time in the actual world (such as racism and prejudice), and now it has found a carrier in the virtual world defined by social media Internet" (Thomas, 2011).
5.2. Different authors definition
5.2.1. Hate speech, according to Erjavec & Kovai (2012,), is "a type of abuse, insult, intimidation, harassment, encouragement to violence, hatred, or any other forms of violence.
5.2.2. According to Awan (2016), "hate speech" refers to any sort of rhetoric that is meant to dehumanize others, regardless of their color, gender, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or any other characteristics, like disabilities, both physical and mental This form can be customized or used in a generic way.
5.2.3. Hate speech, is speech or expression that denigrates a person or persons on the basis of (alleged) membership in a social group identified by attributes such as race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religion, age, physical or mental disability, and others (Curtis, 2023)