1. Prior to Personal Rule
1.1. Charles' Aims and Problems in 1625
1.1.1. Problems
1.1.1.1. He inherited a war with spain in 1625
1.1.1.1.1. James left a debt of approximatley 1 million pounds
1.1.2. Aims:
1.1.2.1. Short term
1.1.2.1.1. Make war with Spain - wanted revenge for his trip to Spain with Buckingham in 1623
1.1.2.2. Long Term
1.1.2.2.1. Wanted to assert his divine right to rule over parliament
1.2. Relations with Parliament 1625-1629
1.2.1. First Parliament 1625
1.2.1.1. Key Disputes affecting relations with parliament
1.2.1.1.1. Charles believed he could make demands towards parliament without explaining them as per his divine right
1.2.1.1.2. Tonnage and Poundage
1.2.1.1.3. Disputes over arminianism
1.2.2. Second Parliament 1626
1.2.2.1. Key Events affecting relations with parliament
1.2.2.1.1. Cadiz Expedition
1.2.2.1.2. York House Conference
1.2.2.1.3. Charles and Buckingham decided to make leading MP's like Coke and Wentworth Sheriffs
1.2.2.2. The Second parliament then refused to discuss taxation unless the following issues surrounding Buckingham had been resolved
1.2.2.2.1. Buckingham should be impeached
1.2.2.2.2. Foreign policy
1.2.2.2.3. Arminianism
1.2.2.3. Charles dissolved the parliament after 4 months to protect Buckingham
1.2.3. Rule without parliament 1626- 1628
1.2.3.1. By the end of the second parliament charles believed parliament was infringing upon his divine right
1.2.3.2. Charles needed to raise funds without parliament so turned to arbitrary measures and introduced controversial policies
1.2.3.2.1. Forced Loan
1.2.3.2.2. Billeting
1.2.3.2.3. Martial Law
1.2.3.3. Foreign Policy during Rule without parliament
1.2.3.3.1. La Rochelle Expedition of 1627
1.2.4. Third Parliament 1628-1929
1.2.4.1. Petition of Rights
1.2.4.1.1. Created to outline parliaments grievances when they were recalled and in return they would grant him further taxes for an expedition to france
1.2.4.1.2. Charles agreed to the petition and he was granted 4 subsidies to help with finance
1.2.4.2. Buckingham Assassination
1.2.4.2.1. 23rd August 1628 - Assassinated in Portsmouth
1.2.4.2.2. Mass celebrations including celebrations in parliament
1.2.4.2.3. Removed Charles' scape goat and parliament began attacking him over Buckingham
1.2.4.3. Parliament then claimed charles was going against the petition of rights by continuing to claim tonnage and poundage
1.2.4.3.1. This was now seen as an extraparliamentary tax as he had only been granted 1 year
1.2.4.4. Charles then tried to adjourn parliament in March 1629
1.2.4.4.1. Charles sent the Black Rod to adjourn parliament
1.2.4.4.2. Three Resolutions
1.3. UPDATED Main Cause of Disputes causing the breakdown in relationship between charles and parliament (All relates to the content mentioned above)
1.3.1. Dispute over finances and divine right
1.3.1.1. Parliament only granting 1 year of tonnage and poundage
1.3.1.1.1. request for 1 million under 1st parliament he only received 170,000
1.3.1.2. Beleif he could make demands without reason
1.3.1.2.1. Charles ruling without parliament
1.3.1.3. Three resolutions in 1629
1.3.1.3.1. Charles sending the black rod to adjourn parliament following claims he was defying the petition of right by collecting tonnage and poundage
1.3.2. Disputes over Religion
1.3.2.1. Richard Montagu and his promotion to court chaplain in 1625
1.3.2.1.1. York House conference in february 1626
1.3.2.2. Charles was pricking MPs like Coke, who he made sheriffs and stopped them from sitting in parliament
1.3.3. Desputes over foreign policy and buckingham
1.3.3.1. Cadiz expedition and concerns over competency as lord high admiral
1.3.3.1.1. The La Rochelle Expedition
1.3.3.2. Charles dissolving the second parliament to prevent parliament from resolving the issues regarding buckingham
2. Personal Rule
2.1. Why did Charles Embark on Personal rule
2.1.1. Charles believed he could govern more effectively without parliament
2.1.1.1. Relationship between crown and parliament had broken down by 1629
2.1.1.1.1. By multiple events including his foreign policy, buckingham and taxation measures
2.1.2. Charles believed parliamentary radicalism was infringing on his royal prerogatives
2.1.2.1. Three reolutions could be seen as a radical attempt to interefere with charles royal control
2.1.3. Charles belief in his divine right
2.1.3.1. charles had a firm belief that it was his right to rule and make desicions
2.1.3.1.1. And parliaments recent actions were infringing on his authority
2.2. Financial Polices
2.2.1. 3 Methods to reduce expenditure and create wealth
2.2.1.1. Reduce expenditure by making peace with spain and France
2.2.1.1.1. Was costing an unaffordable amount with a means of parliamentary taxation
2.2.1.2. Using Prerogative rights to collect more money through ordinary income
2.2.1.2.1. Distraint of Knighthood
2.2.1.2.2. Charles attourney general was taxed withn searching for historic laws and customs - Fiscal Feudalism
2.2.1.3. Continue to collect taxes without parliamentary consent
2.2.1.3.1. Continued to collect tonnage and poundage claiming it was a historic right even though it was made illegal in 1628 petition of right
2.3. Laudian Reforms - Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633
2.3.1. Lauds Policies
2.3.1.1. To impose uniformity over the church
2.3.1.1.1. All services strictly followed the book of common prayer
2.3.1.2. Make the churches the 'holy house of god'
2.3.1.2.1. Churches for Laud were supposed to represent Gods house on earth
2.3.1.2.2. Churches under Laud were beautified through decorations
2.3.1.3. Eradicate Puritanism
2.3.1.3.1. Laud challenged puritanism through two means
2.3.2. Reaction to Lauds Policies
2.3.2.1. Laudianism resembled Catholicism
2.3.2.1.1. Policies like the reintroduction of altars and decorations resembled return to catholic practices
2.3.2.2. Laudianism challenged puritan beliefs
2.3.2.2.1. The book of sports in 1633 challenged the puritan belief of sabbatarianism
2.3.2.3. Resulted in Direct opposition
2.3.2.3.1. Puritan ministers made an effort to not deliver the message of the book of sports properly
2.3.2.3.2. Many prevented Laud changing their church
2.3.2.3.3. Prynne, Bastwick and Burtons pamphlets criticising the reforms
2.3.2.4. Resulted in indirect opposition
2.3.2.4.1. Many puritans emigrated to the New world - America
2.4. Wentworth and the Policy of Thorough
2.4.1. Thoroughs Aims
2.4.1.1. Develop effective and efficient government
2.4.1.1.1. Involved eliminating corruption
2.4.1.2. Accountability
2.4.1.2.1. Ensure good government was practised
2.4.1.3. Imposition of royal authority in Ireland and North England where royal authority wasnt particularily strong
2.4.1.4. Paternalistic government
2.4.1.4.1. Develop a system of government where the state intervenes in an issue for the interest of the community as a whole (paternalistic government)
2.4.2. Policy of Thorough In the North
2.4.2.1. Success of Thorough in the North
2.4.2.1.1. Wentworth was Lord President of the Council of the North and harshly imposed authority over areas like yorkshire
2.4.2.2. Failure of Thorough in the North
2.4.2.2.1. Wentworth's Effectiveness led to concerns regarding the harshness of his policies
2.4.3. Policy of Thorough in Ireland
2.4.3.1. Contexts
2.4.3.1.1. There was rising tensions across three social groups in Ireland
2.4.3.1.2. Policy of thorough resulted in social tensions arguably causing the irish revolt in 1641
2.4.3.2. Wentworth imposed authority over the church of ireland
2.4.3.2.1. Success
2.4.3.2.2. Failure
2.4.3.3. Wentworth made ireland profitable for Charles by raising customs tax
2.4.3.3.1. Success
2.4.3.3.2. Failure
2.4.3.4. Imposed Royal Authority over Ireland in two ways
2.4.3.4.1. Success
2.4.3.4.2. Failure
2.5. Scotland and the Bishops Wars
2.5.1. First Bishops War
2.5.1.1. Reasons for War breaking out
2.5.1.1.1. Laudiansim introduced into scotland in 1637
2.5.1.1.2. February 1638 Charles makes it treasonous to protest against the book of common prayer
2.5.1.1.3. November 1638
2.5.1.2. War broke out in June 1639
2.5.1.2.1. Charles invaded Scotland however the Scottish army was superior
2.5.1.2.2. Pacification of Berwick (19th June 1639)
2.5.2. Second Bishops War
2.5.2.1. Reasons for War Breaking out
2.5.2.1.1. Short Parliament in April 1640
2.5.2.2. War Broke out in July 1640
2.5.2.2.1. Covenanters invaded england with a 20,000 man army and occupied northumberland
2.5.2.2.2. As they marched to York charles called on the council of peers who advise him to make peace and recall parliament
2.5.2.2.3. In October 1640 the treaty of ripon took place
2.6. Breakdown of Personal rule/ was the personal rule a success
2.6.1. Finance
2.6.1.1. Crown debt Was paid off (1 million), and at the start there was little opposition to fiscal feudalism
2.6.1.1.1. Fiscal feudalism was unsustainable
2.6.2. Policy of thorough
2.6.2.1. Wentworth Made ireand profitable with 1634 book of rates doubling customs income
2.6.2.1.1. Book of orders of 1631 was now also enforced laying out provisions for the poor with poor rates
2.6.2.2. Countries efficiency was improved greatly and any dissenting voices like lord mountnorris were purged
2.6.2.2.1. Council of the north expanded with wentworth as president
2.6.3. Religious
2.6.3.1. Laudianism destabilised England
2.6.3.1.1. Charles' drive for conformity disregarded locals religious conditions
2.6.3.2. Charles' belief in divine right and policy of thorough
2.6.3.2.1. Imposed policies on people without discussion
2.6.3.3. Bishops wars
2.6.3.3.1. Charles forced to recall parliament in treaty of ripon
2.6.3.4. Stability and opposition
2.6.3.4.1. There was stability during personally rule, however opposition began to rise