CONTEXTS OF ADOLESCENT

1. Family

1.1. Contemporaty Theoretical Approaches to Socialization in the Family

1.1.1. Systems theory (Sameroff, 1994) has transformed the study of socialization from a parent-child focus to an emphasis on the family as a social system (Parke, 2004a).

1.1.2. Family members - mothers, fathers, and children - influece each other both directly and indirectly (Minuchin, 2002).

1.1.3. Different units of analysis are necessary to understand families.

1.1.4. From unidirectional to transactional models of relationships among family members

1.1.5. A major shift over the past 2 decades is the challenge to the universality of socialization theories.

1.1.6. Assumption involves the recognition of the impact of secular shifts on families

1.1.7. ...

1.2. Family Systems Approach to Socialiation

1.2.1. Parent - Child subsystem: A tripartire approach

1.2.2. Beyond the parent - child dyad: The marital subsystem as a contributor to children's socialization

1.2.3. Putting the pieces together: Toward a multiple sources model of socialization.

1.3. Determinants of Family Socialization Strategies

1.3.1. Child characteristics

1.3.1.1. Universal predispositions that are shared by all children

1.3.1.2. Individual differences in particular characteristics.

1.3.2. Personal resources

1.3.3. Socialization and social capital

1.3.4. Socioeconomic status

1.4. Social Change and Family Socialization

1.4.1. Women's and men's employment patterns and family socialization

1.4.2. Quality of mother's and father's work and family socialization.

1.5. Children and families of color in the United States: issues of race, ethnicity, and culture.

2. Peers

2.1. Adoescent peer interaction takes place with less adult guidance and control than peer interaction in middle childhood, and is more likely to invole individuals of the opposite-sex (Brown & Klute, 2003).

2.2. Both boys and girls already understand a great deal about the recipracal operations and obligations of friendship, about the continuity of friendship, and about the psychological grounds that evoke behavior.

2.3. Group membership comprises individuals who are similar with regard to shool achievement (Kingdermann, 1995), substance use (cigarettes and alcoholl; Urberg, Degirmencioglu, & Pligrim, 1997), and delinquency (Kiesner et al.,2003)

3. Schools

4. Work, Leisure, and the Media