1. DEFINITION
1.1. a psychological theory that emphasises an individual's inherent drive towards self-actualisation and contends that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their own behavior.
2. **CARL ROGERS**
2.1. developed the **Person-Centered Theory**, also known as **Client-Centered Therapy** or **Rogerian Theory**
2.1.1. places a strong emphasis on the **innate potential of individuals** to grow, self-actualize, and achieve personal fulfillment
2.1.2. The approach is non-directive and built on empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence - all are necessary for a **healthy psychological environment.**
2.2. **KEY COMPONENTS:**
2.2.1. **Self-Actualisation:** - as an inherent drive in individuals to realize their full potential and become the best version of themselves. - is a continuous process rather than a final goal. - involves a lifelong journey of growth, self-discovery, and self-acceptance.
2.2.2. **The Self and Self-Concept:** - as an organized, consistent set of beliefs and perceptions about oneself - influences how individuals see the world and respond to experiences.
2.2.2.1. mental health and personal growth occur when there is congruence between these three components
2.2.2.1.1. **Self-Worth:** How individuals feel about themselves.
2.2.2.1.2. **Self-Image:** How individuals see themselves.
2.2.2.1.3. **Ideal Self:** Who individuals would like to be.
2.2.3. **Conditions of Worth and Unconditional Positive Regard**
2.2.3.1. **Conditions of Worth:** - refers to the standards or conditions we feel we need to meet to be accepted or valued. - can cause psychological distress.
2.2.3.2. **Unconditional Positive Regard:** - the unconditional acceptance and support from others. - one will feel free to explore their true feelings, make mistakes, and pursue personal growth without fear of judgment.
2.2.4. **Congruence and Incongruence**
2.2.4.1. **Congruence occurs:** - an alignment between a person’s self-concept and their experiences, leading to a sense of authenticity and well-being.
2.2.4.2. **Incongruence:** - happens when there is a discrepancy between the self-concept and one’s experiences, which can result in feelings of discomfort and internal conflict
2.2.5. **The Fully Functioning Person:** - who is congruent, self-accepting, open to experience, and lives in harmony with their self-concept. - is adaptable, embraces change, and possesses a deep sense of self-acceptance and autonomy.
2.2.6. **Core Conditions for Growth:**
2.2.6.1. **Empathy:** - The ability to understand another person’s feelings and perspectives without judgment.
2.2.6.2. **Unconditional Positive Regard:** - Complete acceptance and support of a person, regardless of their actions or thoughts.
2.2.6.3. **Congruence (Genuineness):** - Authenticity in interactions, where the person is open and honest rather than putting on a façade.
2.3. **STRENGTHS:**
2.3.1. Emphasis on Personal Growth and Positive Development
2.3.2. Humanistic and Client-Centered Approach
2.3.3. Widely Applicable in Counseling and Therapy
2.3.4. Enhances Self-Esteem and Self-Worth
2.4. **WEAKNESSES:**
2.4.1. Limited Empirical Evidence
2.4.2. Overly Idealistic and Optimistic
2.4.3. Not Suitable for All Psychological Conditions
2.4.4. Lack of Attention to Social and Cultural Factors
2.5. **APPLICATION IN TEACHING:**
2.5.1. Creating a Supportive Classroom Environment
2.5.2. Encouraging Student Autonomy
2.5.3. Promoting Unconditional Positive Regard
2.5.4. Practising Empathy
2.5.5. Facilitating Personal Growth and Self-Discovery
3. **ABRAHAM MASLOW**
3.1. **Theory: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs** - is a psychological framework that outlines a hierarchy of human needs, motivating individuals in their behavior and development. - is often represented as a pyramid, with basic needs at the bottom and more advanced needs at the top.
3.2. **KEY COMPONENTS:**
3.2.1. **Physiological Needs (Base Level)** - including basic survival needs such as food, water, shelter, sleep, and warmth.
3.2.2. **Safety Needs** - includes physical safety, emotional stability, financial security, health, and freedom from fear.
3.2.3. **Social Needs (Belongingness and Love)** - encompass relationships, friendship, intimacy, and a sense of belonging to groups
3.2.4. **Esteem Needs** - self-worth, recognition, and respect from others
3.2.4.1. **Lower esteem needs:** The need for respect from others, status, recognition, and appreciation.
3.2.4.2. **Higher esteem needs:** The need for self-respect, self-confidence, independence, and freedom.
3.2.5. **Self-Actualization (Top Level)** - focus on personal growth, realizing their potential, self-fulfillment, and creativity
3.3. **STRENGTHS:**
3.3.1. Holistic View of Human Needs
3.3.2. Positive Approach to Human Development
3.3.3. Applicable Across Cultures and Contexts
3.3.4. Influential in Humanistic Psychology
3.3.5. Guides for Setting Priorities
3.4. **WEAKNESSES:**
3.4.1. Lack of Empirical Evidence
3.4.2. Rigid Hierarchy May Not Reflect Real-Life Motivations
3.4.3. Cultural Bias
3.4.4. Lack of Consideration for Lifelong Development
3.4.5. Limited Applicability to Complex, High-Stress Situations
3.5. **APPLICATION IN TEACHING:**
3.5.1. Ensuring basic needs are met
3.5.1.1. providing snacks for those needed and advocating resources
3.5.2. Creating a safe and supportive learning environment
3.5.2.1. including clear rules, fair treatment, and conflict resolution
3.5.3. Promoting belongingness and positive peer relationships
3.5.3.1. collaborative tasks/activities
3.5.4. Supporting esteem needs
3.5.4.1. celebrating efforts, providing constructive feedback, and setting attainable goals
3.5.5. Encouraging self-actualisation
3.5.5.1. providing opportunities to develop CCTS and self-directed learning
3.5.6. Individualised learning approaches
3.5.6.1. adopting a differentiated approach - inclusive
3.5.7. Mindfulness and reflection practices
3.5.7.1. fostering self-awareness and self-improvement