1. ACIDS
1.1. 1-Definition
1.1.1. they are substances (compounds) which provide hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution.
1.2. 2-Properties
1.2.1. Physical Properties:
1.2.1.1. they have sour taste
1.2.1.2. they dissolve in water to form a solution that conducts electricity.
1.2.1.3. they can change the pH indicators.
1.2.2. Chemical Properties:
1.2.2.1. acids react with active metals to produce hydrogen gas
1.2.2.2. acids react with bases to produce a salt and water only
1.2.2.3. acids react with carbonate to produce salt,water and carbon dioxide gas.
1.3. 3-Classification
1.3.1. based on Source:
1.3.1.1. Organic Acids
1.3.1.1.1. They are naturally occurring acids found in vegetables,fruits and other foodstuffs
1.3.1.2. Inorganic "Mineral Acids"
1.3.1.2.1. are acids which are often strong and corrosive.most are made for laboratory and industrial use
1.3.2. Based on Strength:
1.3.2.1. Strong acids:
1.3.2.1.1. they are completely ionize in water
1.3.2.2. Weak Acids:
1.3.2.2.1. they are partially ionize in water so most of the ions formed recombine and remain as molecules.
1.3.3. Based on Basicity:
1.3.3.1. Monoprotic Acid
1.3.3.1.1. they release only one hydrogen ion in a solution includes:HCl,HNO3,CH3COOH
1.3.3.2. Diprotic Acid
1.3.3.2.1. they release two hydrogen ions in a solution includes (COOH)2,H2SO4
1.3.3.3. Triprotic Acid
1.3.3.3.1. they release three hydrogen ions in a solution includes H3PO4
1.3.4. Based on formula:
1.3.4.1. Binary Acids
1.3.4.1.1. they are acids have hydrogen and other non metal
1.3.4.2. OxyAcids
1.3.4.2.1. they are acids have hydrogen,non metal and oxygen
1.4. 4-Reactions:
1.4.1. with Active metals
1.4.1.1. Mg+2HCl=MgCl2+H2
1.4.2. with Metal Hydroxide
1.4.2.1. HCl+NaOH=NaCl+H2O
1.4.3. with Metal Carbonate
1.4.3.1. HCl+Na2CO3=HCl+H2O+CO3
1.4.4. with Metal Oxide
1.4.4.1. HCl+Na2O=NaCl+H2O
2. Bases
2.1. 1-Definiton
2.1.1. they are substances that release hydroxide ion (OH-) in a solution
2.2. 2-Forms:
2.2.1. Metal oxide
2.2.2. Metal Hydroxide
2.2.3. Metal Carbonate
2.2.4. Metal Bicarbonate
2.2.5. Ammonia
2.2.6. Ammonium Solution
2.2.7. Metal Phosphates
2.3. 2-Properties
2.3.1. Physical Properties
2.3.1.1. they have bitter taste and slippery feel
2.3.1.2. Not all bases dissolve in water to form solution that conducts electricity.
2.3.1.3. They can change acid base indicator
2.3.2. Chemical Properties
2.3.2.1. they can react with acids to produce salt and water
2.3.2.2. they react with ammounium salt to produce salt,water and ammonia gas
2.4. Common Bases
2.4.1. NaOH "Sodium hydroxide":is strong soluble base found in cleaners used to breakdown grease and stains
2.4.2. KOH "Potassium Hydroxide":is Strong soluble base used to make soap,as an electrolyte in an alkaline batteries,varnish remover.
2.4.3. NH3 "Ammonia":is weak soluble base used in the manufacture of plastics, explosives, fabrics, pesticides, dyes and other chemicals
2.4.3.1. it's the only base which found in a gaseous state and it can be easily liquified.
2.4.4. Na2CO3 "Sodium Carbonate": is soluble fairly strong base used in making glass,detergents and cleaners
2.4.5. NaHCO3 "Sodium bicarbonate":is mild soluble base used as baking soda and cleaner
2.5. 3-Classification
2.5.1. Based on Solubility
2.5.1.1. Soluble Bases [AlKALI]
2.5.1.1.1. soluble Carbonate/Ammonia
2.5.1.2. Insoluble Bases
2.5.1.2.1. all metals hydroxide are insoluble in water except gp 1,Calcium, barium and Ammonium hydroxides.
2.5.2. Based on Strength
2.5.2.1. Strong Bases:
2.5.2.1.1. they ionize completely when formed a solution
2.5.2.2. Weak Bases:
2.5.2.2.1. they ionize partially when formed a solution
2.6. 4-Reactions
2.6.1. with acids
2.6.2. with ammonium salt
3. Indicators
3.1. Universal indicator
3.1.1. Acid
3.1.1.1. Ranges from Red,orange to yellow
3.1.2. Base
3.1.2.1. Ranges from Blue,indigo to violet
3.1.3. Neutral
3.1.3.1. Green
3.2. Litmus paper
3.2.1. Acid
3.2.1.1. Red
3.2.2. Base
3.2.2.1. Blue
3.2.3. Neutral
3.2.3.1. Purple
3.3. Methyl Orange
3.3.1. Acid
3.3.1.1. Red
3.3.2. Base
3.3.2.1. Yellow
3.3.3. Neutral
3.3.3.1. Orange
3.4. Phenolphthalein
3.4.1. Acid
3.4.1.1. Colourless
3.4.2. Base
3.4.2.1. Pink
3.4.3. Neutral
3.4.3.1. Colourless