19th Century Revolution

1. German Unification

1.1. Prussia owned german lands around the Rhine River in the west.

1.2. In 1862, Bismarck reorganized the Prussian army and improved training in preparation for war.

1.3. The peace treaty transferred Holstein to Prussia and forced Austria to remove itself from all German affairs.

2. Romanticism

2.1. Realism was not consciously adopted until the mid-19th century in France.

2.2. The realist painters rejected Romanticism

2.3. The French Realist movement had equivalents in all other Western countries

3. Realism

3.1. Realism was an artistic movement that began in France in the 1850s

3.2. Realism revolted against the exotic subject matter and exaggerated emotionalism and drama of the Romantic movement.

3.3. The Realist movement began in the mid-19th century as a reaction to Romanticism and History painting.

4. 19th century science

4.1. The Steam Engine

4.2. The Telephone

4.3. Photography

5. Liberalism

6. Italian Unification

6.1. the political and social movement that consolidated different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of the Kingdom of Italy in the 19th century.

6.2. historians and scholars agree that the process began in 1815 with the Congress of Vienna

6.3. The movement to unite Italy into one cultural and political entity was known as the Risorgimento