The Ways of Reason

The Ways of Reason

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The Ways of Reason par Mind Map: The Ways of Reason

1. Chapter 3: Types of Statements

1.1. A. Subject and predicate defined

1.2. B. Statements divided according to their subjects

1.2.1. 1. Categorical

1.2.2. 2. Particular

1.2.3. 3. Partial

1.3. C. Statements divided according to their predicates

1.3.1. 1. Simple statement

1.3.2. 2. Qualified statement

1.3.2.1. a. Certain

1.3.2.2. b. Possible

1.3.2.3. c. Doubtful

1.3.2.4. d. Impossible

1.3.3. 3. Statement of exclusion

1.3.4. 4. Statement of exception

1.3.5. 5. Conditional statement

1.3.6. 6. Hypothetical statement

1.3.7. 7. Compound statement

1.3.7.1. a. Simple compound

1.3.7.1.1. (1) Equal (both parts novel)

1.3.7.1.2. (2) Unequal (only one part novel)

1.3.7.2. b. Disjunction

1.3.8. 8. Preclusive statement

1.3.9. 9. Statement of discrepancy

1.3.10. 10. Comparative statement

1.3.11. 11. Consequent statement

1.4. D. Statements divided according to their style

1.4.1. 1. Extensive

1.4.2. 2. Concise

1.4.3. 3. Literal

1.4.4. 4. Rhetorical

1.4.5. 5. Metaphorical

2. Chapter 4: Juxtaposition of Statements

2.1. A. Equivalent statements

2.2. B. Variant statements

2.3. C. Opposite statements

2.3.1. 1. Diametrically opposed

2.3.2. 2. Contradictory

2.4. D. Converse statements

2.4.1. 1. Complete converse

2.4.2. 2. Limited converse

2.4.3. 3. Contrapositive converse

2.5. E. Obverse statements

2.6. F. Incongruent statements

3. Chapter 5: Inferences

3.1. A. Inference defined

3.2. B. Inferences which are not logically necessary

3.3. C. Logically necessary inferences

3.3.1. 1. Inferences of categorical affirmative statements

3.3.1.1. a. Contrapositive

3.3.1.2. b. Limited converse

3.3.2. 2. Inference of categorical negative statements

3.3.2.1. a. Complete converse

3.3.3. 3. Inferences of partial affirmative statements

3.3.3.1. a. Absolute opposite

3.3.3.2. b. Limited contrapositive

3.3.3.3. c. Limited converse

3.3.4. 4. Inferences of partial negative statements

3.3.4.1. a. Absolute opposite

3.3.4.2. b. Limited contrapositive

3.3.4.3. c. Limited converse

4. Chapter 7: Creating Syllogisms

4.1. A. Classical syllogism

4.1.1. 1. Syllogism defined

4.1.2. 2. Premise defined

4.1.3. 3. Conclusion defined

4.1.4. 4. Invalidity of the classical syllogism

4.2. B. Analogism

4.2.1. 1. Analogism

4.2.2. 2. A fortiori

4.2.3. 3. Invalidity of an analogism or a fortiori

4.2.3.1. a. Subjects not similar

4.2.3.2. b. Subjects not greater or lesser

4.2.3.3. c. Another similar subject exists without the given predicate

4.3. C. Hypothetical syllogism

4.4. D. Disjunctive syllogism

5. Chapter 9: Elements of Debate in Detail

5.1. A. Statement

5.1.1. 1. First-hand knowledge

5.1.2. 2. Explanation

5.1.2.1. a. Full explanation

5.1.2.2. b. Forced explanation

5.1.2.2.1. 1. Forced explanation

5.1.2.2.2. 2. Presumption

5.1.3. 3. Inference

5.1.4. 4. Reported information

5.2. B. Question

5.2.1. 1. Query

5.2.2. 2. Question of principle

5.3. C. Answer

5.3.1. 1. Answer

5.3.2. 2. Determination

5.4. D. Proof

5.4.1. 1. Demonstration

5.4.2. 2. Validation

5.5. E. Contradiction

5.5.1. 1. Direct contradiction

5.5.2. 2. Opposition

5.6. F. Difficulty

5.6.1. 1. Objection

5.6.2. 2. Apparent contradiction

5.6.3. 3. Refutation

5.7. G. Resolution

5.7.1. 1. Settlement

5.7.2. 2. Alternative

6. Chapter 11: Logical Terminology

6.1. A. Logical terms

6.1.1. 1. Essence-Definition

6.1.2. 2. Parts

6.1.3. 3. Quality

6.1.4. 4. Quantity

6.1.5. 5. Material

6.1.6. 6. Form

6.1.6.1. a. Abstract definitive form

6.1.6.2. b. Concrete physical form

6.1.7. 7. Action

6.1.7.1. a. Involuntary

6.1.7.2. b. Voluntary

6.1.8. 8. Affection

6.1.9. 9. Kind, Species and Higher Kind

6.1.10. 10. Cause

6.1.10.1. a. Generative cause

6.1.10.2. b. Effective cause

6.1.11. 11. Means

6.1.12. 12. Motive

6.1.13. 13. Purpose

6.1.14. 14. Result

6.1.15. 15. Attribute

6.1.15.1. a. Inherent, resting on, or associated

6.1.15.2. b. Incidental

6.1.15.3. c. Precedes or follows in time

6.1.16. 16. Position

6.1.17. 17. Situation

6.1.18. 18. Movement

6.1.19. 19. Time

6.1.20. 20. Relation

6.1.21. 21. Subject

6.1.22. 22. Comparison

6.1.23. 23. Difference

6.1.24. 24. Contrast

6.2. B. Priority

6.2.1. 1. Temporal

6.2.2. 2. Conceptual

6.2.3. 3. Logical

6.3. C. Logical Order

6.3.1. 1. Arrangement

6.3.1.1. a. Theoretical knowledge

6.3.1.2. b. Practical knowledge

6.3.2. 2. Definitions

6.3.3. 3. Analysis

6.3.3.1. a. Primary

6.3.3.2. b. Secondary

6.3.3.3. c. Tertiary

7. Chapter 1: The Talmudic Method

7.1. A. Dialectic investigation defined

7.2. B. Parties in debate

7.2.1. 1. Group

7.2.2. 2. Individual

7.2.3. 3. Talmud

8. Chapter 2: Elements of Debate

8.1. A. The principal elements of debate

8.1.1. 1. Statement

8.1.2. 2. Question

8.1.3. 3. Answer

8.1.4. 4. Contradiction

8.1.5. 5. Proof

8.1.6. 6. Difficulty

8.1.7. 7. Resolution

8.2. B. The foundations of the elements

8.2.1. 1. Understanding statements

8.2.2. 2. Creating syllogisms

8.2.3. 3. Acceptance and rejection of ideas

9. Chapter 6: Truth and Falsity of Statements

9.1. A. Figurative or hyperbolic statements

9.2. B. Literal statements

9.2.1. 1. Simple statement

9.2.1.1. a. Simple predication must be true

9.2.2. 2. Qualified statement

9.2.2.1. a. Qualification must be true

9.2.3. 3. Statement of exclusion

9.2.3.1. a. Exclusion must be true

9.2.4. 4. Statement of exception

9.2.4.1. a. Simple predication must be true

9.2.4.2. b. Exceptional case must be true (Denial of the exceptional case does not deny the simple predication)

9.2.5. 5. Conditional statement

9.2.5.1. a. Simple predication must be true

9.2.5.2. b. Condition must be true (Denial of the condition does not deny the simple predication)

9.2.6. 6. Hypothetical statement

9.2.6.1. a. Dependency must be true

9.2.7. 7. Compound statement

9.2.7.1. a. Combination of simple predications must be true

9.2.8. 8. Preclusive statement

9.2.8.1. a. Combination of affirmative and negative predications must be true

9.2.9. 9. Statement of discrepancy

9.2.9.1. a. Combination of apparently contradictory predications must be true

9.2.10. 10. Comparative statement

9.2.10.1. a. Combination of similar predications must be true

9.2.11. 11. Consequent statement

9.2.11.1. a. Antecedent must be true

9.2.11.2. b. Consequent must be true

9.2.11.3. c. Dependency must be true

10. Chapter 8: Acceptance and Rejection of Ideas

10.1. A. Proofs for acceptance of statements

10.1.1. 1. Postulated proof

10.1.1.1. a. Axiomatic principles

10.1.1.2. b. Sense perceptions

10.1.2. 2. Proof through convention

10.1.2.1. a. Common sense

10.1.2.2. b. Accepted tradition

10.1.3. 3. Logical proof

10.1.4. 4. Proof that the opposite statement is false

10.2. B. Proofs for rejection of statements

10.2.1. 1. Postulated disproof

10.2.1.1. a. Axiomatic principles

10.2.1.2. b. Sense perceptions

10.2.2. 2. Disproof through convention

10.2.2.1. a. Accepted tradition

10.2.3. 3. Logical disproof

10.2.3.1. a. Indirect disproof

10.2.3.2. b. Reductio ad absurdum

10.2.3.3. c. Dilemma

10.3. C. Statements which remain doubtful

10.3.1. 1. Proof rejected

10.3.1.1. a. Proof irrelevant to statement

10.3.1.2. b. Invalid syllogism

10.3.2. 2. Disproof rejected

10.3.2.1. a. Disproof irrelevant to statement

10.3.2.2. b. Invalid syllogism

10.3.2.3. c. Rebuttal

10.3.2.3.1. 1. According to your reasoning

10.3.2.3.2. 2. Just the opposite

10.3.2.3.3. 3. That proves my point, from there is a proof

10.4. D. Theory

10.5. E. Validity of deductions and proofs

10.5.1. 1. Relationship of subject to predicate

10.5.1.1. a. What it is in itself

10.5.1.2. b. What is unique to it

10.5.1.3. c. Its attributes

10.5.1.4. d. What it is in relation to something else

10.5.2. 2. Relationship of predicate to subject

10.5.2.1. a. Potential

10.5.2.2. b. Actual

10.6. F. Stylistic proofs and disproofs

10.6.1. 1. The statement as a whole

10.6.2. 2. The statement in terms of its parts

11. Chapter 10: Order of Study

11.1. A. Be sensitive to the author's language

11.2. B. Formulate a complete thought

11.3. C. Determine purpose of statement

11.4. D. Is the purpose actually served by the statement?

11.5. E. Establish the truth of every premise

11.6. F. Distinguish between the text and the elucidation

11.7. G. Recognize whether terms are synonymous or not

11.8. H. Recognize whether statements are synonymous or not

11.9. I. Identify multiple purpose statements

11.9.1. 1. Proof by reported information

11.9.2. 2. Ascribed difficulty

11.10. J. Review and reconsider the truth of each statement

12. Appendix: