1. Spartacist Uprising
1.1. Formed in 1916, later became the Communist Party of Germany (KPD).
1.2. The Freikorps arrested and brutally murdered Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg on 16th January, 1919. Several thousand communist supporters were arrested and killed during the uprising.
1.3. The Spartacist Revolt was an uprising in Berlin led by the Spartacist League, a Marxist revolutionary movement.
1.3.1. It took place because Chancellor Ebert sacked the chief of police of Berlin, Emil Eichhorn, on 4th January, 1919. The workers supported Eichhorn so there were protests.
1.3.2. They wanted Germany to be run by small councils of soldiers and workers similar to what was set up in Russia in the February Revolution of 1917.
1.3.3. The Spartacists used this as an opportunity to stage an uprising on 5th January.
1.3.4. https://www.gcsehistory.com/faq/spartacist.html
1.4. The Spartacist Revolt, or Spartacist uprising, was an attempted revolution to overthrow the Weimar Republic by an extreme left-wing group called the Spartacists.
1.5. Discontent with the Weimar Republic's moderate socialist government, led by the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), which many leftists saw as too conservative.
1.6. Post-World War I Germany was in a state of political and economic turmoil.
1.7. Key leaders included Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg.
1.8. The Weimar Republic survived and the German Army had supported it when it was needed.
2. Munich Beer Hall Putsch
2.1. Hitler walked into a beer hall where a government meeting was held, fired shots into the roof and declared himself as the new government
2.1.1. - He was arrested, his court trial was publicised and used to gain popularity for his new government ideas
2.1.1.1. Hitler used 9 months in jail to write his memoir "Mein Kampf"
2.2. Putsch = coup d'état
2.3. "patriotic associations", called the Kampfbund.
2.4. Commanders and leaders: Adolf Hitler (WIA) Erich Ludendorff Ernst Röhm Rudolf Hess Ernst Pöhner Scheubner-Richter † Robert Wagner Hermann Göring (WIA) Heinrich Himmler
2.5. Date: 8–9 November 1923
2.6. End of the Passive Resistence policy created tension within the Bavarian Government and officals who wanted to become their own independant state and govern themselves.
2.6.1. Kampfbund - represented the major right-wing military groups. Hitler was a prominent leader within this organisation.
2.7. Location: Munich, Bavaria, Weimar Republic
2.8. One of Munich's largest beer halls was the Bürgerbräukeller, which became the site where the putsch began.
3. Effects of WWI
3.1. Increased one of the deadliest influenza pandemics to spread, that being the Spanish Flu, due to mass movement
3.2. It led to the fall of four great imperial dynasties (in Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey), resulted in the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia
3.3. The war led to the October Revolution in Russia, which put the Bolsheviks in power of the Russian government.
3.4. Creation of the Treaty of Versailles
3.5. The collapse of European empires and the rise of Nationalism views
3.5.1. Growth of nationalism in central and eastern Europe set the foundation for World War II.
3.6. 8.5 million soldier casualties and an estimated 13 million civilians
4. Weimar Republic
4.1. Hyperinflation
4.1.1. printed more money, which resulted in the devaluation of the coin
4.1.2. wall street crash
4.1.2.1. borrowed money from America (dawes plan) to pay off the reperations and fund big projects but couldnt pay it off
4.1.2.1.1. great depression: unemployment, starving people, political extremism
4.2. Assassinations
4.2.1. Walther Rathenau killed
4.3. Created because the Allies refused to negotiate peace unless Germany became a democracy
4.4. New Government
4.4.1. Gustav Stresemann becomes Chancellor in August 1923
4.4.1.1. Ends passive resistence policy
4.4.1.2. Brings in new currency called the Rentenmark
4.5. Government: Federal representative semi-presidential republic
4.6. (needed to happen for the signing of the armistice)
4.7. Capital and largest city: Berlin
5. Treaty of Versailles -
5.1. Signed on June 28th 1919, officially ended the war
5.2. Reparations
5.2.1. Required Germany to pay Financial reparations (33 billion)
5.3. Terirotial Provisions
5.3.1. Alsace and Lorraine returned to France
5.3.2. Saar Basin (coal mine) placed under international control for 15 years. The coal going to France
5.3.3. Polish Corridor created by taking several areas from Germany. Gave Poland access to the sea
5.3.4. Eupren and Malmedy regions given to Belgium
5.3.5. Rhineland perminantly demiliterised
5.3.6. Austria became a separate country
5.4. Represented Peace
5.5. Colonial Provisions
5.5.1. all colonies distrobuted
5.5.2. Declared Colonially unworthy
5.6. War Guilt
5.6.1. Germany take the blame of World War I
5.6.2. Clause 231, the war guilt clause
5.7. Impact of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany
5.8. Military Provisions
5.8.1. No compulsuary millitary service
5.8.2. Only enough Navy for saftey patrols
5.8.3. Army maximum 100,000
5.8.4. No creating war tools, e.g. guns, tanks
5.8.5. Forbbiden airforce and submarines
5.9. Location: Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles, Paris, France
5.10. Parties: Principal Allied and Associated Powers: United States, British Empire, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, India, France, Italy, Japan.
6. November Revolution
6.1. Kiel Mutiny
6.1.1. German Supreme Naval commander tried to win a last ditch attempt [without the authority from the government in Berlin] decided the attack the British fleet who were far superior
6.2. Abdication of the Kaiser
6.2.1. Kaiser was not told and was forced to escape when the military declared that they no longer supported him
6.3. Signing of the Armistice
7. Kapp Putsch
7.1. General von luttwitz refused to dissolve his freikorps brigad
7.1.1. General von seeckt refused to allow the army to intervene
7.1.1.1. "When Reichswehr fires on Reichswehr...then all comradship within the officer corps will have vanished".
7.2. Marched two brigades, civilians and right-wing extremists (12,000 men roughly) on berlin
7.3. Kapp putsch failed in a few days because of the defiance of the berlin working class
7.3.1. Workers and trade unions declared a general strike in support of the government
7.3.2. Strike was effective and quickly paralysed the city
7.3.3. Middle class germans had little sympathy for the rebels
7.4. Ebert, bauer and Cabinet were forces to leave berlin as the rebels occupied key government buildings
8. Occupation of the Ruhr?
8.1. Passive Resistance
8.1.1. Germany tells their workers to do passive resistance which is to work badly so they don’t have anything to give to the French
8.1.2. After 8 months it was ended in August 1923 by Stresemann's government
8.1.3. Government promised to pay the worker's wages if they refused to do what the French say
8.1.4. French had to bring in own workers to mine the coal.
8.2. When Germany couldn't make the reparation payments to France, the Reparasions Commision declared Germany in default on 22 December 1922.
8.2.1. Belgium and Frence sent troops to take over the Ruhr, seizing resources
8.2.1.1. Triggered anti-French opinion in Germans