1. CONSTRUCTIVISM
1.1. By Jean Piaget (1896–1980)
1.1.1. Learners construct knowledge rather than passively take in information
1.1.1.1. Activities include presentations, small group or class discussions, and quizzes during lectures
1.1.1.1.1. Some students require highly structured environments in order to be able to excel and that may be a challenge
2. BEHAVIARISM
2.1. By Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936)
2.1.1. Students learn behaviors through interaction with their environment
2.1.1.1. Student are reward (certificate of merit,special treat) or either punished ( repeat a module)
2.1.1.1.1. It may be unfair to some students, People learn in different ways, it may discourage some good students.
3. ESSENTIALISM
3.1. By James D. Koerner (1959), H. G. Rickover (1959), Paul Conner (1978), & Theodore Sizer (1985
3.1.1. Students learn when lectures instill moral values and virtues in them
3.1.1.1. Teacher should give practical activities, encourage teacher oriented class room
3.1.1.1.1. Students may take passive role in their studies
4. PROGRESSIVISM
4.1. By John Dewey (1920 -1950s).
4.1.1. Students learn effectively when the education focus on individual student rather than subject content and teachers
4.1.1.1. Group work, Presentations, Quizzes, Test, individual student feedback
4.1.1.1.1. Does not model real life, it May give too much pressure on lecturers